Images

terrine d'aubergine & féra fumée au coulis de citrons confits au sel
terrine d'aubergine & féra fumée au coulis de citrons confits au sel
Description: Neige pour refroidir le fumoir

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La teneur en sel du saumon fumé

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Écrit par Chesto   

Source : INRA
Fiche de Presse Info. 16/06/2006

La teneur en sel du saumon fumé

En agroalimentaire, la technique de salage favorise la conservation du poisson en limitant la prolifération des bactéries. Mais les produits trop salés inquiètent les consommateurs, de plus en plus sensibilisés aux risques cardiovasculaires liés à une consommation excessive de sel. Les industriels cherchent donc à optimiser la quantité de sel ajoutée aux produits de salaison comme le saumon fumé. Pour les aider dans cette démarche, des chercheurs du centre INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix et de l’IFREMER de Nantes ont étudié la répartition de la teneur en sel dans la chair du saumon fumé.

En matière de produits de salaison, la préoccupation est de pouvoir garantir la qualité microbiologique du produit tout en répondant aux critères de goût des consommateurs. Les chercheurs en « qualité des produits animaux » du centre INRA de Clermont-Ferrand et en « microbiologie des produits de la mer » de l’IFREMER de Nantes, ont étudié les répartitions en sel et en eau dans la chair du saumon fumé en relation avec la distribution des lipides, et mesuré le développement de la flore bactérienne.


 
 
© INRA /A-H. Cain - PCD8017-IMG0087.PCD
L’état d’engraissement du poisson influence la répartition du sel dans le filet de saumon fumé.

Diffusion du sel dans le filet de saumon

Pour réaliser ces travaux, les scientifiques ont préparé plusieurs lots de saumon fumé, salés à  0%, 2% et 4%, et visualisé la répartition du sel dans le poisson grâce à la technique d’Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM). Cette technique permet une mesure « directe », sans aucune altération du produit, des teneurs et répartition en sel, en gras et en eau, pour évaluer leur incidence sur la diffusion du sel dans le produit.

Les images obtenues ont montré une grande hétérogénéité de la répartition du sel dans les filets. L’état d’engraissement du poisson semble avoir un effet direct sur la concentration en sel. Ainsi, pour des durées de salage identiques, la teneur en sel diminue à mesure que le taux de lipides augmente, et ce jusqu’à environ 11% de lipides. Au-delà de cette valeur, la teneur en sel ne diminue plus et reste à peu près constante.

Par ailleurs, la taille du poisson et l’épaisseur du filet influencent grandement la cinétique de pénétration du sel. Celui-ci pénètre plus difficilement la partie antérieure du filet (côté tête), plus épaisse, que la partie postérieure du filet (côté queue). De même, à durée égale de salage, les saumons de petite taille sont plus salés que les gros. Enfin, on notera l’absence de pénétration de sel au niveau du tissu conjonctif (cf. image sodium)


 
© INRA / L. Foucat
Images RMN (Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire) de deux filets (coté peau vers le bas) salés pendant 8 heures (filet du haut) et 4 heures (filet du bas).

 Image de gauche : pour le gras, on remarque que le filet du bas (partie antérieure) est plus gras que celui du haut (partie postérieure).

Image de droite
: pour le sodium, en haut, la teneur en sel du filet postérieur (côté queue) est supérieure à celle du filet antérieur (côté tête). Les trois cercles visibles en haut de l’image sont les sections de tubes contenant de l’eau salée de concentration croissante de gauche à droite, et servant de référence pour la quantification.

La comparaison des deux images montre qu’il existe une corrélation négative entre la teneur en sel et le contenu en gras.


Garantir la conservation des poissons

Le salage représente le paramètre clé pour la conservation des poissons fumés, après le facteur température. Des analyses micro-biologiques ont permis d’étudier l’incidence du sel sur le développement de la flore microbienne. Il semble qu’une concentration en sel supérieure à environ 3,5% conduise à un développement relativement faible des micro-organismes dans le poisson. En revanche, aucune relation n’a été trouvée entre la quantité de germes et le taux de lipides.
La fumée participe aussi, dans une moindre mesure, à la conservation du poisson. Or des travaux récents d’analyse sensorielle semblent montrer l’effet exhausteur du fumage dans la perception du goût salé dans le saumon fumé.  Ces observations ouvrent une piste pour ajuster l’intensité du fumage et rationaliser l’ajout de sel dans le produit.


Des expérimentations complémentaires pourraient permettre, à terme, d’optimiser et de réduire la quantité de sel ajoutée dans les produits de salaison.
Dans cette optique, les chercheurs de l’INRA participent au programme européen « TrueFood », prévu jusqu’en 2010. Il inclut notamment une partie sur la modélisation de la répartition du sel en fonction des caractéristiques physicochimiques de la matière première. In fine, il s’agira de développer et valider un outil de mesure rapide permettant d’intervenir en milieu industriel au cours du procédé de salage, pour une prédiction précise et une maîtrise accrue des teneurs en sel dans les produits de salaison.

Contacts scientifiques :

Loïc FOUCAT
tél. : 04 73 62 41 75 ou 04 73 62 41 99
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Unité de recherche « Qualité des produits animaux », département « Caractérisation et élaboration des produits issus de l'agriculture », centre INRA de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix.

Jean-Jacques JOFFRAUD
tél. : 02 40 37 40 88
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Département  Sciences et techniques alimentaires marines » Centre IFREMER de Nantes.
Rédacteur :  Service Presse INRA, tél : 01 42 75 91 69
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Yeaaa! Je suis arrivé aux mêmes résultats de façon empirique. Le gras et le sel ne font pas bon ménage, sauf si on leurs mets une bonne schlinguée, soit une émultion. :woohoo:
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